2026年6月托福机经套卷(第3套) - Read an Academic Passage Q1

Advancements in Renewable Energy Engineering Photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert sunlight into electricity are one innovative solution to harness renewable energy. When sunlight hits the PV cell, it is absorbed by a semiconductor material, usually silicon. The energy from the light knocks electrons loose from atoms, creating a flow of electric current. This current is then captured and can be used to power electrical devices. A common misconception is that, at night, PV cells store energy like a battery. In fact, they convert sunlight into electricity in real time; to store energy, a separate energy storage system, like a battery, is required. Researchers are also developing what are called moonlight solar panels, which can generate electricity at night, during rain, and under overcast skies. They make renewable energy a more viable option in diverse environments. Floating wind farms are another interesting innovation. Mounted on buoyant platforms tethered to the ocean floor, they can be deployed far from land, where wind speeds are often stronger and more consistent than those on land. Underwater cables transmit electricity they generate back to shore. While challenges such as maintenance and initial costs persist, the long-term benefits are substantial.