2026年1月托福机经套卷(第9套) - Read an Academic Passage Q1

Artificial Photosynthesis Artificial photosynthesis is a developing technology designed to replicate the natural process plants use to convert sunlight into energy. Scientists believe that this innovation could address multiple global challenges, such as energy sustainability and climate change. Unlike traditional solar panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, artificial photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce chemical fuels that can be stored and used later. The process involves mimicking plants' ability to absorb sunlight and split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen can then be combined with carbon dioxide to produce hydrocarbons, which are combustible fuels. This approach has some advantages, since chemical fuels generated through artificial photosynthesis can be stored for longer periods than electricity from solar panels, which requires immediate use or expensive battery storage. But despite its promise, the technology faces significant hurdles. One major challenge is developing efficient and durable catalysts that can sustain the reactions required for artificial photosynthesis; many degrade quickly. Additionally, researchers must find ways to scale the technology for widespread use, which involves addressing economic and infrastructure barriers. Nonetheless, ongoing advances in materials science and nanotechnology provide hope that artificial photosynthesis could become a viable solution for future energy needs.